Immunoglobulin free light chains in severe asthma patient: Could they be a new biomarker?

Mar 01, 2024

Increasing evidence is available about the presence of increased serum concentration of immunoglobulin (Ig) free light chains (FLCs) in both atopic and non-atopic inflammatory diseases, including severe asthma, providing a possible new biomarker of disease.
We analyzed clinical and laboratory data, including FLCs, obtained from a cohort of 79 asthmatic subjects, clinically classified into different GINA steps. A control group of 40 age-matched healthy donors (HD) was considered. Particularly, HD have been selected according to the absence of monoclonal components (in order to exclude paraproteinemias), were tested for total IgE (that were in the normal ranges) and were negative for aeroallergens specific IgE. Moreover, no abnormality of common inflammatory markers (i.e., erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein) was detectable.
FLC-k levels were significantly increased in the asthmatic population, compared to the control group. Despite the absence of statistically significant differences in FLC-λ levels, the FLC-k/FLC-λ ratio displayed remarkable differences between the two groups. A positive correlation between FLC-κ and FLC-λ levels was found. FLC- λ level displayed a significant negative correlation with the FEV1 value. Moreover, the FLC-κ /FLC- λ ratio was negatively correlated with the SNOT-22 score and a positive correlation was observed between FLCs and Staphylococcus Aureus IgE enterotoxins sensitization.
Our findings confirmed the role of FLCs in asthma as a potential biomarker in an inflammatory disease characterized by different endotypes and phenotypes. In particular, FLC-κ and FLC-k/FLC-λ ratio could be a qualitative indicator for asthma, while FLC-λ levels could be a quantitative indicator for clinical severity parameters.

© 2024 The Authors. Allergy published by European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS

C Caruso,G Ciasca,I Baglivo,R Di Santo,A Gasbarrini,D Firinu,D Bagnasco,G Passalacqua,M Schiappoli,M Caminati,G W Canonica,E Heffler,C Crimi,R Intravaia,V Basile,M Marino,S Colantuono,S Del Giacco

C Caruso

UOSD DH Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

G Ciasca

Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

I Baglivo

CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

R Di Santo

Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

A Gasbarrini

CEMAD Digestive Diseases Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

D Firinu

Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.

D Bagnasco

Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.

G Passalacqua

Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.

M Schiappoli

Allergy and Asthma Unit, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy.

M Caminati

Department of Medicine, Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.

G W Canonica

Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy-IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.

E Heffler

Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy-IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.

Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.

C Crimi

Respiratory Medicine Unit, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco” University Hospital, Catania, Italy.

R Intravaia

Unit of Cardiology, University Hospital Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo.

V Basile

Clinical Pathology Unit and Cancer Biobank, Department of research and Advanced Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.

M Marino

Sezione di Patologia Generale, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

S Colantuono

UOSD DH Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

S Del Giacco

Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.

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Immunoglobulin free light chains in severe asthma patient: Could they be a new biomarker?

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