Dexamethasone and Surgical-Site Infection.

May 6, 2021

Contributor: Tomás B Corcoran,Paul S Myles,Andrew B Forbes,Allen C Cheng,Leon A Bach,Edmond O'Loughlin,Kate Leslie,Matthew T V Chan,David Story,Timothy G Short,Catherine Martin,Pauline Coutts,Kwok M Ho,

Dexamethasone and Surgical-Site Infection.

The glucocorticoid dexamethasone prevents nausea and vomiting after surgery, but there is concern that it may increase the risk of surgical-site infection.
In this pragmatic, international, noninferiority trial, we randomly assigned 8880 adult patients who were undergoing nonurgent, noncardiac surgery of at least 2 hours’ duration, with a skin incision length longer than 5 cm and a postoperative overnight hospital stay, to receive 8 mg of intravenous dexamethasone or matching placebo while under anesthesia. Randomization was stratified according to diabetes status and trial center. The primary outcome was surgical-site infection within 30 days after surgery. The prespecified noninferiority margin was 2.0 percentage points.
A total of 8725 participants were included in the modified intention-to-treat population (4372 in the dexamethasone group and 4353 in the placebo group), of whom 13.2% (576 in the dexamethasone group and 572 in the placebo group) had diabetes mellitus. Of the 8678 patients included in the primary analysis, surgical-site infection occurred in 8.1% (354 of 4350 patients) assigned to dexamethasone and in 9.1% (394 of 4328) assigned to placebo (risk difference adjusted for diabetes status, -0.9 percentage points; 95.6% confidence interval [CI], -2.1 to 0.3; P<0.001 for noninferiority). The results for superficial, deep, and organ-space surgical-site infections and in patients with diabetes were similar to those of the primary analysis. Postoperative nausea and vomiting in the first 24 hours after surgery occurred in 42.2% of patients in the dexamethasone group and in 53.9% in the placebo group (risk ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.82). Hyperglycemic events in patients without diabetes occurred in 22 of 3787 (0.6%) in the dexamethasone group and in 6 of 3776 (0.2%) in the placebo group.
Dexamethasone was noninferior to placebo with respect to the incidence of surgical-site infection within 30 days after nonurgent, noncardiac surgery. (Funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and others; PADDI Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12614001226695.).

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About The Expert

Tomás B Corcoran

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Paul S Myles

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Andrew B Forbes

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Allen C Cheng

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Leon A Bach

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Edmond O’Loughlin

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Kate Leslie

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Matthew T V Chan

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

David Story

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Timothy G Short

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Catherine Martin

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Pauline Coutts

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

Kwok M Ho

From Royal Perth Hospital (T.B.C., P.C., K.M.H.), the University of Western Australia (T.B.C., E.O., K.M.H.), Murdoch University (K.M.H.), and Fiona Stanley Hospital (E.O.), Perth, and the Alfred Hospital (P.S.M., A.C.C., L.A.B.), Monash University (T.B.C., P.S.M., A.B.F., A.C.C., L.A.B., K.L., C.M.), the University of Melbourne (K.L., D.S.), and Royal Melbourne Hospital (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC – all in Australia; the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.); and Auckland City Hospital and the University of Auckland – both in Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.).

References

PubMed