1. Four bedaquiline-pretomanid-linezolid treatment groups had a favorable outcome for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
2. The treatment group with linezolid at 600mg for 26 weeks had the most favorable risk-benefit ratio.
Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent)
Study Rundown: Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a driving factor behind the ongoing worldwide spread of tuberculosis. Treatment lasts between 9 and 24 months and involves multiple drugs that can have serious side effects such as cardiac toxicity, neuropathy, and liver dysfunction. The regimen of bedaquiline-pretomanid-linezolid has been proposed to be effective in patients with highly drug-resistant tuberculosis. Bedaquiline inhibits mycobacterial ATP synthase, pretomanid inhibits mycolic acid biosynthesis, and linezolid inhibits mycobacterial protein synthesis. However, the use of linezolid at a dose of 1200mg daily has been associated with a high incidence of adverse events. Therefore, there is a gap in knowledge as to understanding the efficacy and safety of different doses of linezolid in the bedaquiline-pretomanid-linezolid regimen for the treatment of highly drug-resistant tuberculosis. Overall, this study found that the 600mg 26-week regimen of linezolid had the most favorable risk-benefit profile among the regimens studied for the treatment of highly drug-resistant tuberculosis. This study was limited by the small trial size impacting the precision of any estimate of treatment effect, and by a lack of a standard-care control group which means there is no clear comparator against which the observed efficacy can be assessed. Nevertheless, these study’s findings are significant, as they demonstrate that the bedaquiline-pretomanid-linezolid regimen treatment showed favorable cure rates of highly drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Click to read the study in NEJM
Relevant Reading: Treatment of Highly Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis
In-Depth [randomized controlled trial]: This randomized trial enrolled patients with multiple types of drug-resistant tuberculosis, including rifampin-resistant tuberculosis and fluoroquinolone or aminoglycoside-resistant tuberculosis. Patients were recruited from South Africa, Georgia, Moldova, and Russia, and were eligible for the study if they were 14 years of age or older and had a documented positive sputum culture or molecular test for M. tuberculosis within 3 months before screening. Patients were ineligible for the study if they had HIV infection, a CD4 cell count of less than 100 per cubic millimeter, a risk of arrhythmia, or peripheral neuropathy. The primary outcome measured was the incidence of an unfavorable outcome, defined as treatment failure or disease relapse at 26 weeks after treatment completion. Patients were randomized to receive either 1200mg or 600mg daily for either 26 weeks or 9 weeks. Outcomes in the primary analysis were assessed via primary efficacy analysis via intention-to-treat, modified intention-to-treat, and per-protocol analyses. Based on the primary analysis, for participants who received bedaquiline–pretomanid–linezolid with linezolid at a dose of 1200 mg for 26 weeks or 9 weeks or 600 mg for 26 weeks or 9 weeks, 93%, 89%, 91%, and 84%, respectively, had a favorable outcome. Common adverse effects reported included peripheral neuropathy, myelosuppression, and optic neuropathy. The overall risk-benefit ratio also favored the group that used linezolid at a dose of 600mg for 26 weeks due to a lower incidence of adverse events and fewer linezolid dose modifications. Overall, this study shows that the bedaquiline–pretomanid–linezolid regimen is effective in treating highly drug-resistant tuberculosis, with a regimen of linezolid at 600mg for 26 weeks being the preferred treatment plan.
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