The altered levels of phospholipids (PLs) and lysophospholipids (LPLs) in prostate cancer (CaP) and benign tissues in our previous findings prompted us to explore PLs and LPLs as potential biomarkers for CaP. Urinary lipidomics has attracted increasing attention in clinical diagnostics and prognostics for CaP. In this study, thirty-one prostate tissues obtained from radical prostatectomy were assessed using high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (HR-MALDI-IMS). Urine samples were collected after digital rectal examination (DRE), and urinary lipids were extracted using the acidified Bligh-Dyer method. The discovery set comprised 75 patients with CaP and 44 with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) at Kyoto University Hospital; the validation set comprised 74 patients with CaP and 59 with BPH at Osaka University Hospital. Urinary lipidomic screening was performed using MALDI time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF/MS). The level of urinary lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were compared between the CaP and BPH groups. The [PC (34:2) + PC (34:1)]/LPC (16:0) ratio was significantly higher (p<0.001) in CaP tissues than in benign epithelial tissues. The urinary PCs/LPC ratio was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the CaP group than in the BPH group in the discovery and validation sets.
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